The policy surrounding an MEA is determined by the participating countries. The United Nations and the World Trade Organization are important intergovernmental organizations for the preparation and implementation of agreements. While some countries (for example. B, Costa Rica, Samoa and Saint Lucia) have implemented most of the activities proposed in their national strategies, the degree of implementation of the “first generation” of national strategies has been estimated at only 30-40%. The main obstacles to implementation reported by countries are: limited financial, technical and human resources and capacities, limited information, weak political will, lack of coordination among ministries, poverty, low awareness of biodiversity issues and limited incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Nevertheless, new legislation has been developed, institutions have been strengthened and many activities have been carried out on the conservation and use of biological diversity (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010a). For example, specific biodiversity laws and policies in Brazil, Costa Rica, Japan, Norway and South Africa have created the institutional framework for the coordinated implementation of the Convention in these countries. Global chemicals management is organized around a non-binding strategic agreement for integrated chemicals management and four global treaties to regulate chemicals and hazardous wastes. The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent requires exporters of chemicals to ensure that recipient countries have given their prior informed consent.
Importing governments can then manage the environmental and health risks associated with hazardous chemicals. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal imposes similar licensing requirements for shipments of hazardous wastes and requires the environmentally sound management of such wastes. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants prohibits or severely restricts the production and use of some of the world`s most polluting chemicals, including dioxins, PCBs and DDTs. More recently, the Minimata Convention on Mercury has curbed the multiple pathways of global mercury pollution. How many multilateral environmental agreements have been signed? Data or graph of agreements by year and type (treaty, protocol, amendment). The European Union has been a pioneer in the implementation of a conservation policy at regional level, which is undoubtedly supported by its united political stature. Since 1982, European signatories to the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife (Berne Convention) have been committed to the conservation of wild plants and plants, with a focus on “endangered and endangered” species and habitats. The Birds and Habitats Directives stem from the Berne Convention and oblige eu Member States to maintain and restore the favourable conservation status of threatened and threatened species listed in their Appendices. This is often achieved through the designation of Natura 2000 sites; The results of the European Red List initiative can be used to inform the classification of species in the Directives as well as the identification of Natura 2000 sites. Donald et al. (2007) found that the Birds Directive has brought demonstrable benefits to European bird populations.
Inspired by the 2010 CBD target, EU environment ministers adopted the even stricter target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010 in 2003. Although these conservation objectives have not always been achieved, the European example shows that international policies can be effective in solving conservation problems in large regions (Donald et al., 2007). The Action Programme also includes a priority horizontal objective to help the Union address international environmental and climate challenges more effectively. It recalls that the UNION has a good track record of accession to multilateral environmental agreements and calls on the EU and its Member States to participate proactively in international negotiations on new and emerging issues. International cooperation in the form of treaties, agreements and resolutions of intergovernmental organizations as well as national laws and regulations serves to protect the environment. The researcher usually searches for documents from the main organizations dealing with environmental protection, such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the European Union, the OECD and the Council of Europe. As the ultimate responsibility for environmental protection remains at the national and local levels, municipal environmental laws and regulations are increasingly sought. In addition, for the sake of simplicity, the main agreements have been grouped below according to the structure of the site plan according to the general environmental themes. Because of these obstacles. B, environmental protocols are becoming an obvious target for several critical points, such as the slowness in achieving the desired effects (due to the Convention-Protocol-Ratification-Implementation process), the trend towards the lowest common denominator and the lack of monitoring and implementation. They can also be criticized for adopting a step-by-step approach in which the principles of sustainable development indicate that environmental concerns should be integrated. An international environmental agreement, or sometimes an environmental protocol, is a type of binding international treaty that allows them to achieve an environmental goal.
In other words, it is “an intergovernmental document that is intended to be legally binding, whose main objective is to prevent or manage human impacts on natural resources”. [1] The application of multilateral environmental agreements began in 1857, when a German agreement regulated the flow of water from Lake Constance to Austria and Switzerland. [3] International environmental protocols entered environmental policy after transboundary environmental problems were widely perceived in the 1960s. [4] To be considered international, the treaty must be intergovernmental; bilateral agreements exist between two Governments and multilateral agreements between more than two. International Environmental Treaties (IAAs) are treaties negotiated, signed and ratified by individual nation-states to address transboundary environmental problems. This article provides an overview of the current state of the art in the field of political economy of IEA training. This investigation focuses on the question of how the political process affects the different phases of the formation of the treaty and, ultimately, the stability of the agreement. Of particular importance are the rules established during the preliminary negotiations governing the negotiation process, ratification and implementation. Strategic delegation and lobbying are directly relevant during the negotiation and ratification phase. Implementation depends on the choice of policy instruments at national level that are influenced by lobbying and therefore indirectly influence the negotiations. Theoretical analyses of EIAs have mainly used theoretical game models to examine countries` incentives to sign and ratify agreements. .
